Vol. 9 No. 37 (2026): مجلد 9 عدد 37 (2026): المجلة الدولية للدراسات الاقتصادية

Abstract: the study aims to analyze the impact of oil price fluctuations on economic growth in Iraq during the period (2005-2024), using a self-directed regression model, in light of the high dependence of the Iraqi economy on oil revenues as the main source of financing the general budget and stimulating economic activity. To achieve this goal, a set of macroeconomic variables were adopted, including oil prices, economic growth, the exchange rate, the money supply (M2), and government spending, and the study relied on the dynamic normative approach, as it began with a descriptive analysis of the data, and the research has reached the most important findings that oil price fluctuations affect economic growth in Iraq indirectly, as their effects are transmitted through the channels of fiscal and monetary policy, especially through government spending and the supply of cash, the research recommended strengthening economic diversification policies and improving coordination between fiscal and monetary policies to reduce the effects of external shocks and achieve greater of economic stability..

This study aims to diagnose the reality of organizational change management and its impact on human capital development in public educational institutions, with a focus on the General Directorate of Education in Anbar as an applied model reflecting the specificity of the Iraqi environment. The research adopted the descriptive-analytical approach based on the quantitative method, where the questionnaire was designed according to a five-point Likert scale and distributed to a stratified random sample of (184) individuals from the total research population working in the mentioned Directorate. The data were statistically treated using Cronbach's alpha coefficient to measure reliability, exploratory factor analysis to verify the factorial structure of the scales, in addition to the arithmetic mean, standard deviation, simple Pearson correlation coefficient, and independent-samples t-test for hypothesis testing. The study concluded that there is a statistically significant correlation and effect between organizational change management and its dimensions and human capital development, with variation in the relative importance of the dimensions, as the (Change Planning) dimension ranked first. The results also showed that the general level of change management and human capital development was moderate, reflecting weakness in the administrative and economic mechanisms for employing change as an input to raise institutional efficiency and productivity. The researcher recommended establishing a permanent change management unit in the Directorate, linking change plans to economic and organizational performance indicators, and developing an incentive system linked to the development of human competencies.

This study addresses a theoretical gap in the literature on development diplomacy, namely the absence of an analytical framework capable of explaining how sustainable development becomes a structural resource for generating diplomatic influence when institutionally embedded within foreign policy decision-making structures. The study aims to test a proposed analytical framework—Developmental Diplomatic Empowerment (DDE)—as an interpretive lens linking institutional integration, strategic sustainability, and multi-actor engagement in explaining the relationship between development and international influence.

The research adopts a qualitative analytical-comparative design based on the examination of official documents, national strategies, and development initiatives with external reach across four Arab cases: Qatar, the United Arab Emirates, Morocco, and Palestine. The selection of these cases enables the operational testing of the framework across diverse political and economic contexts.

The findings indicate that development becomes a form of structural soft power when three interrelated conditions are present: (1) institutional linkage between development and foreign policy, (2) incorporation of sustainability into the national external narrative, and (3) the deployment of development initiatives through multi-level diplomatic partnership networks. The comparison further shows that developmental influence does not follow a single pattern but rather multiple forms shaped by institutional configurations and modes of policy deployment.

The study contributes to the international literature by clarifying the institutional mechanisms through which the integration of development into foreign policy generates differentiated patterns of diplomatic influence. Furthermore, it offers an analytical framework suitable for testing in cross-regional comparative research.

Cet article analyse l'effet de la fragmentation mondiale sur le commerce en Afrique, en se basant sur un modèle gravitationnel appliqué aux échanges commerciaux de 56 pays africains entre 2010 et 2021. L'analyse explore l'évolution des relations commerciales de l'Afrique avec ses principaux partenaires dans le contexte de tensions géopolitiques croissantes et de l'émergence de nouveaux blocs économiques. Les résultats montrent une transformation significative dans la structure des partenaires commerciaux de l'Afrique, avec une hausse notable de l'influence des BRICS, en particulier la Chine, dont le rôle dans le commerce africain a considérablement augmenté au cours de la période étudiée. En parallèle, les partenaires traditionnels de l'Afrique, tels que l'Union européenne, voient leur importance relative diminuer. L'étude révèle que cette reconfiguration des échanges pourrait avoir des implications majeures pour la politique commerciale et le développement économique en Afrique, notamment en matière de dépendance économique et de diversification des marchés d’exportation.

This study analyzes the determinants of startup success in the Sultanate of Oman, employing a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) methodology that synthesizes 38 studies and reports selected from 94 initial sources across Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and EBSCO. The study proposes a three-layer conceptual framework linking macro-environmental conditions, enabling factors, and entrepreneur-level competencies to startup performance outcomes. Findings identify four primary success determinants: early-stage financing, the regulatory environment, human capital development, and digital innovation. Official data confirm the sector’s momentum, with SMEs contributing 21% of Oman’s GDP in 2024 and the country ranking 8th globally in the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor. This study addresses a research gap in the Omani entrepreneurship literature and offers actionable recommendations for policymakers and entrepreneurs.